Early death, morbidity and pharmacotherapy in extremely premature and very premature in neonatal intensive care units / Morte precoce, morbidade e farmacoterapia em prematuros extremos e muito prematuros em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the evolution of extremely preterm and very preterm infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units, regarding the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death, survival and viability. Methods: a non-concurrent cohort study, with 163 very premature and extreme newborns hospitalized in three neonatal intensive care units, during 2016 and 2017. A descriptive analysis of the data obtained from the medical records was performed. The outcomes studied were the use of ventilatory support, morbidities, medication use, death and causes of death. A survival curve was constructed and a viability limit was defined. Results: in the study, 28.2% were extreme and 71.8% were very premature. In this order of subgroups, the need for mechanical ventilation was higher for the extremes (65.2% and 41.0%) and the main diagnosis was early sepsis (78.6% and 82.6). Off-label (60.5% and 47.9%) and off-license (25.3% and 29.0%) medications were used. Most deaths (57.8%) occurred between the extremes, mainly due to septic shock. Survival was lower for the lowest gestational ages and the limit of viability was between 26 and 27 weeks. Conclusions: the main morbidities were from the respiratory system, with high use of off-label and unlicensed medications. Extremes had a greater demand for intensive care in addition to needing more drugs and progressing more to death.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a evolução dos prematuros extremos e muito prematuros internados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, quanto ao uso de suporte ventilatório e de medicamentos, óbito, sobrevida e viabilidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte não concorrente, com 163 recém-nascidos muito prematuros e extremos internados em três unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais, durante 2016 e 2017. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados obtidos dos prontuários. Os desfechos estudados foram o uso de suporte ventilatório, morbidades, uso de medicamentos, óbito e causas de óbito. Foi construída curva de sobrevivência e delimitado um limite de viabilidade. Resultados: no estudo, 28,2% eram extremos e 71,8% muito prematuros. Nessa ordem de subgrupos, a necessidade de ventilação mecânica foi maior para os extremos (65,2% e 41,0%) e o principal diagnóstico foi sepse precoce (78,6% e 82,6).Medicamentos off-label (60,5% e 47,9%) e sem-licença (25,3% e 29,0%) foramutilizados. A maioria dos óbitos (57,8%) ocorreu entre os extremos, principalmente por choque séptico. A sobrevivência foi menor para as menores idades gestacionais e o limite de viabilidade ficou entre 26 e 27 semanas. Conclusões: as principais morbidades foram do sistema respiratório, com alto uso de medicamentos off-label e sem licença. Extremos tiveram maior demanda de cuidados intensivos além de necessitarem de mais medicamentos e evoluírem mais ao óbito.

Limite de viabilidade de prematuros extremos atendidos em um hospital universitário / Limit of viability of extremely preterm infants treated at a university hospital / Límite de viabilidad de prematuros extremos atendidos en un hospital universitario

Objetivo: descrever o perfil de recém-nascidos com prematuridade extrema e identificar fatores associados a mortalidade segundo idade gestacional e o limite de viabilidade destes. Método: estudo observacional retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um hospital universitário do estado de Minas Gerais, desenvolvido de agosto de 2021 a janeiro de 2022. A amostra foi composta por 39 prontuários de prematuros extremos nascidos vivos. Foi realizada a análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas usando medidas como média, desvio-padrão e valores mínimo e máximo. As variáveis categóricas foram descritas a partir de suas distribuições de frequência absoluta e percentual. Resultados: a maioria das gestantes são mulheres adultos-jovens, realizaram pré-natal e parto cesárea. Dos prematuros prevalece sexo masculino, idade gestacional de 25 semanas, evoluíram para óbito a maioria destes com idade gestacional de 23 e 24 semanas. Conclusão: o limite de viabilidade nesse serviço situa-se em uma idade gestacional igual ou maior que 25 semanas.

Objective: to describe the profile of newborns with extreme prematurity and to identify factors associated with mortality according to gestational age and their limit of viability. Method: a retrospective observational study, with a quantitative approach, carried out in a university hospital in the state of Minas Gerais, developed from August 2021 to January 2022. The sample consisted of 39 records of live-born extreme preterm infants. Descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures such as mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values. Categorical variables were described from their absolute and percentage frequency distributions. Results: most pregnant women are young-adult women, who underwent prenatal care and cesarean delivery. Of the preterm infants, the male sex prevails, with a gestational age of 25 weeks, most of whom died at a gestational age of 23 and 24 weeks. Conclusion: the limit of viability in this service is at a gestational age equal to or greater than 25 weeks.

Objetivo: describir el perfil de los recién nacidos con prematuridad extrema e identificar los factores asociados a la mortalidad según la edad gestacional y su límite de viabilidad. Método: estudio observacional retrospectivo, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital universitario del estado de Minas Gerais, desarrollado entre agosto de 2021 y enero de 2022. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 39 prontuarios de prematuros extremos nacidos vivos. El análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas se realizó utilizando medidas como la media, la desviación estándar y los valores mínimo y máximo. Las variables categóricas se describieron a partir de sus distribuciones de frecuencia absoluta y porcentual. Resultados: la mayoría de las gestantes son mujeres adultas jóvenes, que realizaron control prenatal y parto por cesárea. De los prematuros prevalece el sexo masculino, con una edad gestacional de 25 semanas, la mayoría de los cuales fallecieron a las 23 y 24 semanas de edad gestacional. Conclusión: el límite de viabilidad en este servicio es a una edad gestacional igual o mayor a 25 semanas.

Factors associated with recurrent wheezing in the first year of life among premature newborns from Neonatal Intensive Care Units / Fatores associados à sibilância recorrente no primeiro ano de vida entre recémnascidos prematuros provenientes de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais

Abstract Objectives: to determine the prevalence and factors associated with recurrent wheezing in the first year of life among premature newborns from Neonatal Intensive Care Units, in the city of Montes Claros, northern Minas Gerais. Methods: cross-sectional study, with data collection from medical records of a follow-up clinic, interviews with mothers and, eventually, search in hospital records. Bivariate analyzes were carried out between sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and recurrent wheezing. Variables associated up to the level of 20% were analyzed by binary logistic regression, and associations defined by the Odds Ratio and respective 95% confidence intervals. Only variables associated with a 5% significance level were maintained in the final model of logistic regression. Results: among 277 infants studied, about one fifth (21.3%) were extremely low birth weight preterm and more than half (60.7%) had birth weight below 1500 grams. The prevalence of recurrent wheezing was 14.4% (CI95% = 10.3-18.4). Mechanical ventilation (OR = 2.12; CI95% = 1.09-4.76; p = 0.030) and oxygen therapy time ≥ 15 days (OR = 2.49; CI95%= 1.12-5.00; p = 0.010) were the risk factors for the event. Conclusions: there is a high prevalence of recurrent wheezing in the evaluated group and the associated variables reiterate the risk of prolonged oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation for premature newborns.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a prevalência e fatores associados à sibilância recorrente no primeiro ano de vida entre recém-nascidos prematuros egressos de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatais, na cidade de Montes Claros, norte de Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo transversal, com coleta de dados em prontuários de ambulatório de seguimento, entrevistas com mães e, eventualmente, consultas aos prontuários hospitalares. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas entre as características sociodemográficas e clínicas e a sibilância recorrente. As variáveis associadas ao desfecho até um nível de significância de p ≤20% foram analisadas por regressão logística binária e as associações definidas pelas Odds Ratios e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Somente variáveis associadas a um nível de significância de 5% foram mantidas no modelo final de regressão logística. Resultados: entre 277 crianças estudadas, cerca de um quinto (21,3%) eram prematuros de extremo baixo peso e mais da metade (60,7%) tinha peso de nascimento abaixo de 1500 gramas. A prevalência de sibilância recorrente foi de 14,4% (IC95%=10,3-18,4). Ventilação mecânica (OR=2,12; IC95%= 1,09-4,76; p=0,030) e tempo de oxigenioterapia ≥15 dias (OR=2,49; IC95%=1,12-5,00; p=0,010) foram os fatores de risco para o evento. Conclusão: existe uma elevada prevalência de sibilância recorrente no grupo avaliado e as variáveis associadas reiteram o risco do uso prolongado de oxigenioterapia e da ventilação mecânica para recém-nascidos prematuros.

Morbidity features in newborns born with extremely low and very low body wight and left without parental care

Mothers increasingly mention poor health of the newborn child as the reason for abandoning the child. One of the factors causing the unsatisfactory state of the child's health is the child's premature birth, a little or long before the due date. According to the data of most developed countries of the world, from 5% to 10% of children in the general population are born prematurely. In the Russian Federation, these premature births amount for around 75% of infant mortality. Moreover, the most vulnerable ones among premature infants are children with extremely low and very low body weight. In this regard, the goal of the study has been formulated to assess the state of health of the children born with very low and extremely low body weight and left without parental care. Material and Methods. For this, a retrospective analysis of the labor and delivery records has been conducted for 182 newborns abandoned by mothers in maternity hospitals in the Chelyabinsk region in the period from 2012 to 2017. Results and discussion. Over the study period, the average proportion of newborns with low and extremely low body weight was as follows: 12.1% in the big urban center, 12.0% in urban districts and 12.7% in rural municipalities of the total number of early social orphans. The proportion of newborns with very low body weight was 69.0%; 31.0% had extremely low body weight. The smallest of the examined infants was a newborn with a birth weight of 840 grams. It was found that children born with extremely low and very low body weight had from two to three pathologies already at birth. Conclusion. The identified risk factors for the birth of premature babies are the following: extragenital diseases of the mother, complicated obstetric and gynecological history, infectious diseases of the mother. A high proportion of newborns with very low and extremely low body weight (12.0-12.7%) among abandoned children indicates that the latter are at risk for this pathology.

Morbidity in extreme low birth weight newborns hospitalized in a high risk public maternity / Morbidade em recém- nascidos prematuros de extremo baixo peso em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal

Abstract Objectives: to determine the prevalence of the most common morbidities in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants hospitalized in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU) and to evaluate the influence of these morbidities through the length of in-hospital stay. Methods: observational, longitudinal, prospective and analytical study in a high risk reference maternity NICU from Sergipe, realized with 158 ELBW infants admitted between March 2014 and April 2015. The analysis of the hospitalization time was realized through the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: the average weight of premature was 785,2g ± 138,2g. The gestational age vary from 22 to 35 weeks and the average was 26,8 weeks. Of those admitted at NICU, sixty three (39,9%) were discharged and 95 (60,1%) died. The time of hospitalization was influenced for morbidities as: patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage and sepsis. Acute respiratory distress syndrome was the most common complication (157 - 99,4%). The incidence of persistent arterial duct, intraventricular hemorrhage, sepsis, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity was 39,2%, 17,1%, 32,3%,50,3%, 52,3% e 16,6% respectively. Conclusions: the morbidities from respiratory tract, cardiac, neurological and infectious were the most prevalent, whilst PDA, intraventricular hemorrhage and sepsis were the morbidities that significantly influenced the time of hospitalization.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a prevalência das morbidades mais comuns em recém-nascidos de extremo baixo peso (RNEBP) internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) e avaliar a influência dessas morbidades no tempo de internamento. Métodos: estudo observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo e analítico, na UTIN de uma maternidade publica referência em alto risco do estado de Sergipe, realizado com 158 RNEBP admitidos no período de março de 2014 a abril de 2015. A análise do tempo de internamento foi realizada através do método Kaplan- Meier. Resultados: os RNEBP apresentaram médio de 785,2g ± 138,2g. A idade gestacional variou entre 22 e 35 semanas e média de 26,8 semanas. Dos admitidos na UTIN, 63 (39,9%) receberam alta e 95 (60,1%) tiveram óbito como desfecho. O tempo de internamento foi influenciado por morbidades como: persistência do canal arterial (PCA), hemorragia intracraniana e sepse. Síndrome do desconforto respiratório foi a morbidade mais comum 157 (99,4%). A incidência de persistência do canal arterial, hemorragia intraventricular, sepse, hipotermia , hipoglicemia e retinopatia da prematuridade foi de 39,2%, 17,1%, 32,3%,50,3%, 52,3% e 16,6%respectivamente. Conclusões: as morbidades do aparelho respiratório, cardíacas, neurológicas e infecciosas foram as mais prevalentes, enquanto a PCA, hemorragia intracraniana e sepse foram as morbidades que influenciaram significativamente o tempo de internação.

Analysis of perinatal mortality in newborn infants with a birth weight of less than 1000 grams in Hospital San Cecilio in Granada (Spain) over the 1991-2010 period / Análisis de la mortalidad perinatal en nacidos con peso menor de 1000 gramos en el Hospital San Cecilio de Granada (España) durante el período 1991-2010

Introduction. Perinatal mortality has significantly decreased over the last decades. Low birth weight and prematurity are amongst the strongest predictors of neonatal death. The main objective is to analyze the evolution of perinatal mortality and its causes in newborn infants with a birth weight of less than 1000 grams over the last 20 years (1991-2010). Population and Methods. Observational, descriptive, longitudinal and ecological study. A total of 264 infants weighing less than 1000 g out of a total of 56 024 births during the study period. Different specific perinatal mortality rates by weight were calculated. The Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient was applied to assess the relationship between mortality rates and years of study, and ANOVA and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare five-year periods and ten-year periods, respectively. Results. There were 131 perinatal deaths, 82 stillbirths and 49 early neonatal deaths; 64.1% of them occurred before 27 weeks of gestation. Only the fetal mortality rate was statistically significant, although perinatal mortality showed a downward trend, without reaching significance. The main immediate causes of death were extreme prematurity, intrauterine hypoxia and infection. The underlying causes related to death in this group of newborn infants were infection caused by premature rupture of membranes, maternal hypertension, uncontrollable preterm labor and twin pregnancy. Conclusions. The reduction in mortality rates in this group of newborn infants is undergoing a slowdown.

Introducción. La mortalidad perinatal ha disminuido sustancialmente en las últimas décadas. La prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer son los factores predictivos más fuertemente asociados a esta mortalidad. El objetivo es analizar la evolución de la mortalidad perinatal en los nacidos con peso menor de 1000 g en los últimos 20 años (1991-2010) y sus causas. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional-descriptivo de tipo ecológico longitudinal, sobre 264 nacidos con peso menor de 1000 g de un total de 56 024 nacidos durante el período estudiado. Se calculan las diferentes tasas de mortalidad perinatal específicas por peso. Se aplica el coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman para evaluar la relación entre las tasas de mortalidad y los años de estudio, y las pruebas ANOVA y de Mann- Whitney para comparación de quinquenios y decenios, respectivamente. Resultados. Se han producido 131 muertes perinatales, 82 de ellas muertes fetales y 49 neonatales precoces. El 64,1% sucede antes de la semana de gestación 27. Sólo la tasa de mortalidad fetal presenta una disminución estadísticamente significativa, aunque la mortalidad perinatal presenta una tendencia al descenso, pero sin alcanzar la significación. Las principales causas inmediatas de óbito son la inmadurez extrema, la hipoxia intrauterina y la infección. Las causas fundamentales relacionadas con la muerte de este grupo de nacidos son la infección por rotura prematura de membranas, la hipertensión materna, la amenaza de parto pretérmino incontrolable y la gemelaridad. Conclusiones. La disminución de las tasas de mortalidad en este grupo de nacidos está sufriendo un enlentecimiento.

Análisis de la mortalidad perinatal, Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, España: 2000-2009 / Analysis of perinatal mortality, Miguel Servet Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain: 2000-2009

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la mortalidad perinatal (MP) del Hospital Miguel Servet (2000-2009). Valorar su evolución, distribución según edad gestacional y peso de los recién nacidos (RN), y las posibles causas. MÉTODO: Análisis sobre un total de 44.409 RN >500 gramos y 402 nacidos muertos ó fallecidos antes de los 28 días completos de vida. Los datos se recogieron en un formulario siguiendo las recomendaciones de la FIGO y la novena Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. RESULTADOS: La MP ampliada global fue de 9,05/1000 nacidos, la mortalidad fetal de 4,91/1000 nacidos y la mortalidad neonatal 4,14/1000 nacidos vivos. La MP estándar fue de 4,73/1000 nacidos. Según la edad gestacional, un 79,6% de la MP fueron pretérminos; el 46,02% de los casos eran <1000 gramos y 59,95% <1500 gramos. Procedían de partos múltiples 92 RN (90 pretérminos); la MP de los embarazos gemelares fue 34,65/1000 nacidos. Las causas más frecuentes de MP eran: inmadurez extrema, <1000 gramos (46,02%), rotura prematura de membranas (23,13%), gestaciones múltiples (22,89%), complicaciones de placenta o cordón (21,64%), hipoxia intrauterina y asfixia al nacer (21,64%), y malformaciones congénitas y cromosomopatías (18,9%). CONCLUSIÓN: La MP está gravada por la prematuridad, el bajo peso extremo y los embarazos múltiples, disminuyendo paulatinamente a expensas de la mortalidad neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Hospital Miguel Servet perinatal mortality (PM) during the years 2000-2009, valuing its evolution and distribution according to gestational age and birth weight. Maternal and fetal possible causes are analized. METHODS: 44.409 newborns of >500 grams or 22 weeks gestational age, were studied. The total number of perinatal deaths was 402 containing late neonatal deaths (to 28 completed days of live). The data for each case of perinatal mortality were recorded in a form following FIGO recommendations and the 9th International Classification of Diseases. RESULTS: Extended PM rate was 9.05/1000 newborns, fetal mortality 4.91/1000 newborns and neonatal mortality 4.14/1000 live births. Standard PM was 4.73/1000 newborns. According to gestational age, 79.60% were preterm deliveries. Considering birth weights, 46.02% were extremely low birth weight (<1000 grams), and 59.95% were <1500 grams. The number of perinatal deaths in multiple pregnancies was 92 (90 preterm deliveries). PM in twins was 34.65/1000 newborns. Main causes of death were extreme immaturity (<1000 grams) in 46.02%, premature rupture of membranes (23.13%), multiple deliveries (22.89%), complications of placenta or umbilical cord (21.64%), intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia at birth in 21.64% of the cases, and congenital malformations and chromosomopaties (18.90%). CONCLUSIONS: PM is encumbered by prematurity, extremely low birth weight and múltiple pregnancies. Decrease of perinatal mortality had occurred mainly at the expense of neonatal mortality.

Recién nacido de peso extremo / The extreme weight newborn

El nacimiento y atención de los recién nacidos de extremo bajo peso constituyen hoy día un reto para los perinatólogos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de todos los neonatos con peso inferior a 1 000 g al nacer y que fueron atendidos en el Servicio de Cuidados Neonatales del Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Provincial Docente Mariana Grajales de Villa Clara durante los años 2000 a 2008, con el objetivo de describir su comportamiento desde el punto de vista perinatológico. Asimismo identificar y relacionar variables maternas y neonatales en este grupo de peso así como describir incidencia de la morbilidad y mortalidad en los neonatos con peso inferior a 1 000 g. Para ello se realizó observación documental y se confeccionó instrumento aplicado a los 24 neonatos de este grupo nacidos en dicho período. Se incluyeron variables relacionadas con antecedentes perinatales, morbilidad y mortalidad que dieron salida a los objetivos planteados, se confeccionaron tablas para expresar los resultados. La incidencia del recién nacido de extremo bajo peso fue baja (0,07 por ciento del total de nacidos vivos), la mayoría nacieron antes de las 30 semanas de edad gestacional (78 por ciento) y el peso frecuente entre 900 y 999 g (67 por ciento). Estos pacientes presentaron como morbilidad frecuente: la enfermedad de membrana hialina y apnea, infecciones generalizadas, íctero fisiológico agravado, trastornos metabólicos (hipoglicemia, acidosis metabólica), apgar bajo al nacer y anemia. Necesitaron ventiloterapia el 50 por ciento de los niños, motivada por la enfermedad de membrana hialina y las infecciones, entre otras; la supervivencia fue del 70,8 por ciento (17 pacientes) y las causas de mortalidad fueron diversas

Birth and very low-weight newborn care are nowadays a challenge for perinatology specialists. A retrospective and descriptive study was conducted in all neonates weighing less than 1 000 g at birth seen in Neonatal Care Service of Mariana Grajales Teaching Provincial Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital of Villa aClara province from 2000 to 2008 to describe its behavior from the perinatology point of view, as well as to identify and to relate the maternal and neonatal variables in this weight group and to describe the morbidity and mortality incidence in neonates weighing less than 1 000 g. Thus, we made a documentary observation designing an instrument applied to 24 neonates born during such period. Included are the variable related to perinatal backgrounds, morbidity and mortality yielded the proposed objectives; results are expressed in tables. The very low weight newborn incidence was low (0.,07 percent of all the live birth) most of them born before 30 weeks of gestational age (78 percent) and a frequent weight between 900 and 999 g (67 percent). These patients had a frequent morbidity: hyaline membrane disease and apnea, systemic infections, severe physiologic icterus, metabolic disorders (hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis) a low Apgar score at birth and anemia. The 50 percent of children needed ventilation therapy due to hyaline membrane disease and infections among others; survival was of 70,8 percent (17 patients) and mortality causes were diverse